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American Foreign Relations During the Articles of Confederation Through
the Perspective of Nathan Dane
By
Shauna Cahill
Submitted
to Mr. Eastman
Department of History
Beverly,
Massachusetts
23 January
2002
"The
said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with
each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties,
and their mutual and general welfare..."[1] With
this statement the Second Continental Congress confirmed the objectives
of the nation's first government, The Articles of Confederation. These
objectives were a first means in which to disconnect the new "United
States" from British sub-rule. Nathan Dane, a Massachusetts Representative
to the Second Continental Congress from 1785-1788, served on the "Grand
Committee" in the Congress. He was thoroughly involved in the foreign
relations of the country by assisting in writing foreign treaties and
apportioning foreign debt. His influence is indisputable as one can see
in the following examples of Dane's Congressional work. Although the nation
was young during the rule of the Articles, America matured quickly in
relation to other countries. This maturity can be seen in terms of the
states role in war, treaties, and trade. However, this maturity is in
part due to Dane's influential foreign policy. The Articles themselves
were approved on March 1, 1781 with the ratification of the state of Maryland.
From this date, until March 4, 1789 with the ratification of the Constitution,
the Articles of Confederation operated the country's first foreign relations
and policies which served as the stepping stone for the future leaders
of the country. It is these early relations that allowed the country to
gain the political and economic power it hold's today, many of which are
because of Massachusetts forgotten representative Nathan Dane.
"The
Grand Committee consisting of ...Mr. Dane...appointed to report such amendments
to the Confederation, and such resolutions as it may be necessary to recommend
to the federal states for obtaining them..."[2]
Nathan Dane was a member of the Congressional Committee responsible for
writing articles for possible addition to the Articles. Among these articles
proposed was Article XIV which discussed regulating trade with foreign
nations. "The United States Congress assembled shall have the sole
and exclusive power of regulating the trade of the states, as well with
foreign nations as with each other, and of laying such prohibitions and
such imports, an duties upon imports..."[3] This
regulating of trade allows the United States to benefit fully from each
transaction that occurs with each foreign nation. Economically, controlling
trade is vital in such a mercantalistic society; a country such as America
must be able to control it's number of exports in relation to it's imports.
Also, the economic concept of most favored nation must be considered by
the Congress and is carried out in the proposed Article XIV.
Nathan Dane
cited France as a country belonging to the United States most favored
nations list. "Our treaty with France is a treaty of 'amity and commerce
for founding commerce on reciprocal utility and the just rules of free
intercourse'...It is said we are to enjoy the king's ports in Europe.
The privileges and exemptions of the most favored nation."[4]
The privileges of a most favored nation were a free market of open trade
and an economic dependency upon each other for monetary gain. Through
the late 1780's America, with the signing of the Franco-American Treaty
of Alliance and of Amity and Commerce, viewed France as a counterpart
in which to gain power. Through this treaty they acquired a trading partner,
ally, and constant foreign exposure which would allow the country to prove
themselves to other powerful European nations such as Britain and Spain.
Dane's viewing of France as a most favored nation allows one to see America
as a enlightened growing nation with exposure to one of the most powerful
nations in the world. Dane's economic terminology also concludes that
foreign economics run on the same principles today as they did in the
1780's.
Nathan Dane
constantly opposed Congress in it's style of writing treaties with foreign
nations. Dane believed that word choice and phrasing was vital to the
actually meaning of the treaty. It can be concluded that Dane's in-depth
analysis stemmed from his experience as a lawyer where he composed legal
documents repeatedly. Dane believed a simple word could change the meaning
of an important binding agreement which could lead to the downfall of
American society. "We are naturally led to examine our treaty with
France and other treaties in point to consider the objects and views of
the parties, the reasons of the several stipulations and to draw our conclusions
not from words merely..."[5] Dane stated that the
Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce used certain words and phrasings
that truncated America's foreign opportunities. For instance, in the treaty
the King stated that America could have access to all French ports "in
Europe." The Second Continental Congress did not realize that France
had other ports outside of Europe which they lost the advantage of using.
Through Dane's concise analysis of Congressional wording he was able to
save future events such as this from occurring.
Nathan Dane's
congressional partners Mr. Nathan Gorham (Massachusetts) and Mr. Edward
Carrington (Virginia) followed in Dane's footsteps. These men brought
up such a word change while examining the Constitution. "...a motion
was made by Mr. Gorham, seconded by Mr. Carrington, to amend it by striking
out the words 'in the place while Congress shall fit'....and...'in Philadelphia'..."[6]
Although Dane voted "no" on this word change his influence is
still present. The Congress could not deny Dane's logic and oratorical
skills. Each congressional item was now strained through word by word
for a defined meaning and future consequence.
The United
States held a large amount of debt during the Articles of Confederation.
This debt sprung from the Revolutionary War in which America borrowed
money in which to protect itself and from trade. America needed start-up
capita to begin it's trading system and many countries were willing to
lend to the newly developed country after it proved itself worthy in the
war. "The committee consisting of...Mr. Dane...reported that...due
in the year 1788, and the payment of one year's interest on the Domestic
Debt, the sum of 3,009,798.64-90 dollars."[7] Dane
tried to influence Congress to re-pay each loan with the money it gained
itself. Many members of Congress aimed to receive more loans to re-pay
old loans. Dane viewed this process as ceaseless and used his "no"
vote on items of legislature that contained such ideas.[8]
Although Dane was not always successful in his attempts to persuade Congress
to his view, his ideas were known through his vote. Dane's involvement
in the foreign treasury presented a unique perspective to other members
of the committee.
As one can
see, Nathan Dane had a significant influence upon the foreign policies
of the Second Continental Congress. Dane was a man with modern logic and
analysis' which allowed him to fulfill his duties regarding the modern
young country. He was able to keep the country competitive with the archaic
European nations that had been stable for over 500 years. Several of Dane's
ideals were also influencial in the writing and signing of the Constitution.
For example, when writing the Constitution the delegetes were very consise
on the words choosen for the document and even voted on certain phrases
that were controversial. America today is still a relatively young country
struggling for an identity. Dane proved that critical wording, critical
spending, and critical trading was vital to the survival of the country.
Without Dane, America may have become a third world country labeled in
small letters on a distant map in one's history class. One can never be
sure of what may have happened if he had not existed, yet those who understand
his influence can comprehend that life as society knows it today would
cease to exist. Although Nathan Dane's name has disappeared from history
texts throughout the country he once represented, his influence clings
to each foreign treaty, debt, and economic policy that is performed in
the United States government today.
References
Dane,
Nathan. Letter written to the King, New York, June 9, 1787. Courtesy
of the Beverly Historical Society.
Giunta,
,Mary A.,ed. The Emerging Nation: Foreign Relations of the United
States 1780-1789, Washington, D.C: National Historical Publications
and Records Commission, 1996.
Jensen,
Merrill. The Articles of Confederation. Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1962.
Second
Continental Congress, The Articles of Confederation. November
15, 1777.
The Second
Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental Congress
April 22, 1787. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
The Second
Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental Congress
October 11, 1787. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
The Second
Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental Congress
1787. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
Appendix
A
Article
VI- The Articles of Confederation
Congress
assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or
enter into any conference, agreement, alliance or treaty with any King,
Prince, or State; not shall any person holding any office of profit or
trust under the United States, or any of them, accept any present, emolument,
office or title of any kind whatever from any King, Prince or foreign
State; not shall the United States in Congress assembled, or any of them,
grant any title of nobility.
No two or
more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance whatever
between them, without consent of the United States in Congress assembled,
specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered
into, and how long it shall continue.
No State
shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations
in treaties, entered into by the United States in Congress assembled with
any King, Prince, or State, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed
by Congress, to the courts of France and Spain....No State shall engage
in any war without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled....
Appendix
B
The Second
Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental Congress
1787. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
The Grand
Committee, consisting of Mr. Livermore, Mr. Dane, Mr. Manning, Mr. Johnson,
Mr. Smith, Mr. Symmes, Mr. Pettit, Mr. Lee, Mr. Bloodworth, Mr. Pickney,
and Mr. Hostoun, appointed to report such Amendments to the Confederation,
and such Resolutions as it may be necessary to recommend to the Several
States for the Purpose of obtaining from them such powers as will render
the Federal Government adequate to this Ends for which it was instituted...
Resolved.
that it be recommended to the Legislatures of the several states to adopt
the following articles, as articles of the confederation, and to authorize
their delegates in Congress to sign and ratify the same severally as they
shall be adopted, to wit.
Article
XIV
The United
States in Congress assembled shall have the sole and executive power of
regulating the trade of the States, as well with foreign nations as with
each other, and of laying such prohibitions and such imports, and duties
upon imports, and exports, as may be necessary for the purpose; provided
the citizens of the States shall in no instance be subjected to pay higher
duties and imports....
Appendix
C
Dane,
Nathan. Letter written to the King, New York, June 9, 1787. Courtesy
of the Beverly Historical Society.
....The
words kingdoms in Europe, countries in Europe, dominions in Europe, have
been used with more attention and meaning, but in several ways. The words
"in Europe" have been inadvertently invented and violate the
law of Aubaine the restrictive words in Europe are used in but being few
treaties and I believe, in none with any particular meaning unless are
in the family Compact of 1761....We are naturally led to examine our treaty
with France and other treaties in point to consider the objects and views
of the parties, the reasons of the several stipulations and to draw our
conclusions not from words merely, but from words taken in communion with
the objects which probably existed in the minds of the parties. Our treaty
with France is a treaty of 'amity and commerce for founding commerce on
reciprocal utility and the just rules of free intercourse.' The treaty
throughout preserves this idea of liberality and reciprocity except in
a limited expression in the four articles and one in the thirteenth article
in the four. It is said we are to enjoy the king's ports in Europe. The
privileges and exemptions of the most favored nations. Why are the words
'in Europe' inserted? In allowing the benefits allowed to other nations
the most favored free no such distinction of treaties made before these
the French enjoy those benefits....
Appendix
D
The Second
Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental Congress
April 22, 1787. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
When the
foregoing act was under consideration, a motion was made by Mr. Gorham,
seconded by Mr. Carrington, to amend it by striking out the words 'in
the place where congress shall fit.' and in the room thereof inserting
'at Philadelphia.' And on the question to agree to the amendments, the
yeas and nays being required by Mr. Mitchell
Massachusetts
Mr. Gorham ay
Mr. Dane
no Total MA vote= no
Mr. King
no
Appendix
E
The Second
Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental Congress
October 11, 1787. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
The committee
consisting of Mr. Dane, Mr. Smith and Mr. Grayson, to whom was referred
a report of the board of treasury and a motion of Mr. Kean, respecting
the requisition for 1787, having reported, 'That from the several papers
referred to them, it appears that there is wanting for the services of
the year 1787, the payment of one year's interest on the Foreign Debt,
and such of the principal as becomes due in the year 1788, and the payment
of one year's interest on the Domestic Debt, the sum of 3,009,798.64-90
dollars.
Foreign
Debt for the payment of interest on the French and Dutch loans, and two
installments on the French loans, becoming due 1788- 871,622.87
Spanish
loan, one year's interest due thereon- 8,700
Debt due
to foreign officers, one year's interest thereon- 11,185.55
Domestic
Debt, one years interest thereon- 1,700,407
[1]
The Second Continental Congress, The Articles Of Confederation
(November 15, 1777), Article 3. See Appendix A
[2]
The Second Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental
Congress (1787). Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
See Appendix B
[3]
The Second Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental
Congress (1787). Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
See Appendix B
[4]
Nathan Dane, Letter written to the King (June 9, 1787), New York. Courtesy
of the Beverly Historical Society. See Appendix C
[5]
Nathan Dane, Letter written to the King (June 9, 1787), New York. Courtesy
of the Beverly Historical Society. See Appendix C
[6]
The Second Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental
Congress (April 22, 1787). Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical
Society. See Appendix D
[7]
The Second Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental
Congress (October
11, 1787). Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society. See Appendix
E
[8]
The Second Continental Congress, The Journals of the Second Continental
Congress (October 11, 1787). Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical
Society. See Appendix E
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